. . . "9781469609232"^^ . . "9780394997193"^^ . . "Cyrus Bustill"@fr . . . . . . . . . "Pantheon Books"@fr . . . "2000-11-01"^^ . . . . . . . "Slave Hair and African American Culture in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries"@fr . "Chester M. Hedgepeth"@fr . "hiver 2000"@fr . "2000-01-01"^^ . "Boston News-Letter"@fr . . "Bayo Oyebade"@fr . "Arnold Rose"@fr . . . . . . . . . "The Negro in America"@fr . . . . "The Influence of Africans on American Culture"@fr . . "University of North Carolina Press"@fr . . . "Afro-American Writers from the Harlem Renaissance to 1940"@fr . . "9781907804489"^^ . . . . . . "National Museum of African American History and Culture, Smithsonian Institution"@fr . . . "The Culture of Poverty and African-American Culture: An Empirical Assessmen"@fr . "Joseph E. Holloway & Winifred K. Vass"@fr . . . . . . . "2015-07-07"^^ . "9780268036508"^^ . . "Smithmark Publishers"@fr . . "The Journal of Southern History, Vol. 61, No. 1"@fr . "novembre 1992"@fr . "1996-06-25"^^ . "James Varick"@fr . "Celebrations of African Heritage"@fr . "Charles Lenox Remond"@fr . . "the Black image in American art, 1710-1940"@fr . . . "816"^^ . "Historical Archaeology, Vol. 31, No. 2"@fr . . . . . . . "9780838905340"^^ . . . . . . . . . . "oui"@fr . . "William Hamilton"@fr . . . . . . . . . . . "Journal of Black Studies, Vol. 25, No. 2"@fr . . "9780810931046"^^ . . . . . "Temple University Press"@fr . . . . . . . . "Encyclopedia of African-American Culture and History : the Black Experience in the Americas, vol. 1"@fr . "1986-08-15"^^ . . "9780816041251"^^ . . . . . "1997-01-01"^^ . . . . . . . . "en"@fr . "849"^^ . "9780780807792"^^ . "852"^^ . "9780896866768"^^ . . "John Roberts"@fr . . . . . . . . "9780028658179"^^ . . . . . "Samuel Cooper"@fr . . . . "9780810945272"^^ . . "McGraw-Hill"@fr . . . . "The Massachusetts Review, Vol. 18, No. 3"@fr . . . . "9781558494077"^^ . "automne 1977"@fr . . . "Howard Dodson"@fr . "Indiana University Press"@fr . "Aux \u00C9tats-Unis, la culture afro-am\u00E9ricaine ou culture noire d\u00E9signe les diverses traditions culturelles des communaut\u00E9s afro-am\u00E9ricaines qui ont contribu\u00E9 \u00E0 la culture am\u00E9ricaine dans la litt\u00E9rature, la peinture, la sculpture, la musique, la chor\u00E9graphie, le th\u00E9\u00E2tre, la photographie, le cin\u00E9ma, etc. Depuis 1976 est c\u00E9l\u00E9br\u00E9 officiellement aux \u00C9tats-Unis le Mois de l'histoire des Afro-Am\u00E9ricains, afin de rappeler les contributions des Afro-Am\u00E9ricains \u00E0 l'histoire et \u00E0 la culture am\u00E9ricaine. Ce mois est suivi en 1979 par une autre c\u00E9l\u00E9bration officielle le Mois de la reconnaissance de la musique afro-am\u00E9ricaine qui est une invitation \u00E0 la population am\u00E9ricaine \u00E0 \u00E9tudier la musique afro-am\u00E9ricaine, de l'\u00E9tudier et de reconna\u00EEtre sa contribution \u00E0 la culture. \u00C0 ces c\u00E9l\u00E9brations officielles promulgu\u00E9es chaque ann\u00E9e par le pr\u00E9sident des \u00C9tats-Unis s'ajoutent des jours de c\u00E9l\u00E9bration officielle d'une personnalit\u00E9 afro-am\u00E9ricaine comme le Martin Luther King Day, le Rosa Parks Day, le Harriet Tubman Day, le Malcolm X Day... Les Afro-Am\u00E9ricains sont officiellement d\u00E9finis par le bureau du recensement des \u00C9tats-Unis comme des personnes ayant des origines parmi les diff\u00E9rentes ethnies noires d'Afrique. Leur culture puise ses racines dans celles des diverses cultures africaines des royaumes et empires africains d'o\u00F9 sont issus les esclaves qui furent vendus en Am\u00E9rique. Malgr\u00E9 le fait que ces esclaves aient \u00E9t\u00E9 emp\u00EAch\u00E9s de pratiquer librement leurs traditions culturelles, plusieurs d'entre elles surv\u00E9curent et se sont trouv\u00E9es m\u00EAl\u00E9es \u00E0 des \u00E9l\u00E9ments de la culture des Blancs am\u00E9ricains d'ascendance europ\u00E9enne."@fr . "2005-12-22"^^ . . "Crestwood House"@fr . "printemps 2009"@fr . . "Molefi Kete Asante et Abu Shardow Abarry"@fr . . . . . "Research in African Literatures, Vol. 40, No. 1"@fr . . . "Macmillan Reference USA"@fr . "Word! The African American Oral Tradition and its Rhetorical Impact on American Popular Culture"@fr . "101299"^^ . . "Ayele Bekerie"@fr . "Gale Cengage"@fr . "Carlotta Hacker"@fr . . . "Mather Byles"@fr . . "Trudier Harris & Thadious M. Davis"@fr . . . "Facts on File"@fr . "Music Educators Journal, Vol. 79, No. 3"@fr . . "Sociological Perspectives, Vol. 42, No. 3"@fr . "The Emergence of African American Culture"@fr . "Kathlyn Gay"@fr . . "Material Culture and African-American Spirituality at the Hermitage"@fr . . "automne 1999"@fr . . "African Intellectual Heritage: A Book of Sources"@fr . . "Mitch Kachun"@fr . "African-American Art: The Long Struggle"@fr . "John Lathrop"@fr . . "From Slavery to Freedom: A History of African Americans"@fr . . "Black or White ? : Racial Identity in Nineteenth-Century African-American Art"@fr . . . . . . "536"^^ . "539"^^ . "2005-12-16"^^ . . . . "American Library Association"@fr . . . . . "1592356"^^ . "Tonya Bolden"@fr . . . "University of Massachusetts Press"@fr . . . "Crabtree Publishing Company"@fr . "African American Belief Narratives and the African Cultural Tradition"@fr . . . . . "Twentieth Century African American Writers And Artists"@fr . . "Great African Americans in the arts"@fr . . . . . "600"^^ . "f\u00E9vrier 1995"@fr . . . "Beacon Press / Harper & Row"@fr . . . . "printemps 2005"@fr . . . . . . "576"^^ . . . . . "9780765199522"^^ . . "Omnigraphics"@fr . "--03-01"^^ . . "Festivals of Freedom: Memory and Meaning in African American Emancipation Celebrations, 1808-1915"@fr . . . . "Thomson Gale"@fr . . "The Origins of African American Culture and Its Significance in African American Student Academic Success"@fr . . . "juillet 1964"@fr . "Early Negro American Writers"@fr . . . . "African-American History: Origins, Development, and Current State of the Field"@fr . "Source: Notes in the History of Art, Vol. 31, No. 3"@fr . "1990"^^ . . "1997"^^ . "Soul in the Culture of African Americans"@fr . "Aux \u00C9tats-Unis, la culture afro-am\u00E9ricaine ou culture noire d\u00E9signe les diverses traditions culturelles des communaut\u00E9s afro-am\u00E9ricaines qui ont contribu\u00E9 \u00E0 la culture am\u00E9ricaine dans la litt\u00E9rature, la peinture, la sculpture, la musique, la chor\u00E9graphie, le th\u00E9\u00E2tre, la photographie, le cin\u00E9ma, etc. Depuis 1976 est c\u00E9l\u00E9br\u00E9 officiellement aux \u00C9tats-Unis le Mois de l'histoire des Afro-Am\u00E9ricains, afin de rappeler les contributions des Afro-Am\u00E9ricains \u00E0 l'histoire et \u00E0 la culture am\u00E9ricaine. Ce mois est suivi en 1979 par une autre c\u00E9l\u00E9bration officielle le Mois de la reconnaissance de la musique afro-am\u00E9ricaine qui est une invitation \u00E0 la population am\u00E9ricaine \u00E0 \u00E9tudier la musique afro-am\u00E9ricaine, de l'\u00E9tudier et de reconna\u00EEtre sa contribution \u00E0 la culture. \u00C0 ces c\u00E9l\u00E9brations officielles prom"@fr . . . "1993"^^ . "John Hope Franklin & Alfred A. Moss"@fr . . "2007"^^ . . "2001"^^ . . . "Guy C. McElroy"@fr . . "Sharon F. Patton"@fr . . "Boston Gazette"@fr . . "Charles Chauncy"@fr . . . "1998-06-25"^^ . "Encyclopedia of African American Culture and History : the Black Experience in the Americas, vol. 2"@fr . . . "9780810317284"^^ . . "Rachel K. Jones & Ye Luo"@fr . . "742"^^ . . . "9780865058217"^^ . . . . "printemps 2012"@fr . . "Joe W. Trotter"@fr . "The Terminological Shift from \"Afro-American\" to \"African-American\": Is the Field of Afro-American Anthropology Being Redefined?"@fr . . . . . . "1957"^^ . . "Encyclopedia of African-American Heritage: Second Edition"@fr . "James McCune Smith"@fr . . "316"^^ . . . "1962"^^ . "The Negro in the United States"@fr . . . . . "en-us"@fr . . . . . "Encyclopedia of African-American Culture and History: The Black Experience in the Americas, vol. 4"@fr . "Culture afro-am\u00E9ricaine"@fr . . . "Dallas Museum of Art"@fr . "--12-01"^^ . . "Jean A. Madsen & Reitumetse Obakeng Mabokela"@fr . "Organizational Culture and Its Impact on African American Teachers"@fr . . . . . . . . . . "379"^^ . "376"^^ . "Dictionary of 20th Century Culture: African American Culture"@fr . . "Bedford Arts"@fr . . "360"^^ . . "9780452250413"^^ . . . "9780810384859"^^ . . . "344"^^ . "Joseph Green"@fr . . . "Warren J. Halliburton"@fr . . . . . . . "328"^^ . "MacMillan Reference Library"@fr . . "326"^^ . "325"^^ . . "\u0627\u0644\u062B\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064A\u0643\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064A\u0642\u064A\u0629"@ar . "Human Organization, Vol. 52, No. 3"@fr . . "1971-03-01"^^ . . . . . . "439"^^ . "OAH Magazine of History, Vol. 7, No. 4"@fr . "Chapter 24: Critiques of Afrocentricity, Comments on Multiculturalism"@fr . "9780253328380"^^ . "Afro-American Writers Before the Harlem Renaissance"@fr . . . . . . "416"^^ . . "Journal of Black Studies, Vol. 21, No. 2"@fr . . . . "African-American Holidays, Festivals, and Celebrations: The History, Customs, and Symbols Associated with Both Traditional and Contemporary Religious and Secular Events Observed by Americans of African Descent"@fr . "Harry N. Abrams"@fr . . . . . "Natasha Trethewey"@fr . "Encyclopedia of African-American Culture and History: The Black Experience in the Americas, vol. 3"@fr . . "1991-06-01"^^ . "The Four Corners of a Circle: Afrocentricity as a Model of Synthesis"@fr . . . . "African Studies and the Afrocentric Paradigm: A Critique"@fr . . . . . "Pr\u00E9sence Africaine, Nouvelle s\u00E9rie, No. 175/177"@fr . . "American Educational Research Journal Vol. 37, No. 4"@fr . "501"^^ . "d\u00E9cembre 1994"@fr . . "488"^^ . . . . "History of African-American Artists: From 1792 to the Present"@fr . . "The African Heritage of American English"@fr . "Journal of Thought, Vol. 40, No. 1"@fr . "Lisa E. Farrington"@fr . . "Black Dimensions in Contemporary American Art"@fr . . . "Encyclopedia of African-American Culture and History: The Black Experience in the Americas, vol. 5"@fr . . . . . "The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol. 354"@fr . . . "Macmillan"@fr . . . . . . . . "56"^^ . . . "63"^^ . "49"^^ . . . . "Aaron E. Russell"@fr . . "9780072295818"^^ . . "43"^^ . . . "45"^^ . . . . . "Phillip L. Mason"@fr . "33"^^ . . . . . "27"^^ . "Africa, Slavery, & the Roots of Contemporary Black Culture"@fr . . . . . . . . . . "9780028658186"^^ . . . . "hiver-printemps 2011"@fr . . . . "12"^^ . "John A. Davis"@fr . . "9780810317291"^^ . . . "5"^^ . . . . . . . . "Patrick Davis"@fr . . . . . . "Barbara Sullivan & Crystal Britton"@fr . "avril 1993"@fr . . . "112"^^ . . . "9781566394024"^^ . . . . . . . "Mary F. Berry & John W. Blassingame"@fr . . . . . . . . "State Street"@fr . . "African American Women"@fr . . . . . . . . . . . . "African-American Art"@fr . . . "Janice D. Hamlet"@fr . . . . "1087468296"^^ . "75"^^ . . "76"^^ . "189084118"^^ . . "New American Library"@fr . "68"^^ . "1993-10-26"^^ . . . . . . "2003-07-31"^^ . . . "Oxford University Press, USA"@fr . . . . . "9780028658193"^^ . "9780192842541"^^ . "1996-09-01"^^ . . . . "9780028658223"^^ . . "Shane White & Graham White"@fr . "2004-02-03"^^ . . "1986-08-01"^^ . . . "Wake Up Our Souls: A Celebration of Black American Artists"@fr . "9780028658216"^^ . "E. Franklin Frazier"@fr . "M. Christopher Brown II"@fr . "Encyclopedia of African-American Culture and History: The Black Experience in the Americas, vol. 6"@fr . "136"^^ . . "9780938491392"^^ . "131"^^ . "132"^^ . . . . . . . . . . "240"^^ . . "d\u00E9cembre 1990"@fr . . . . "233"^^ . . "9780028658209"^^ . . "Black History Bulletin, Vol. 74, No. 1"@fr . . . . . . . . . . . "Benjamin Griffith Brawley"@fr . . . . . . . "Romare Bearden & Harry Henderson"@fr . . . "Black Art Ancestral Legacy: The African Impulse in African-American Art"@fr . . . . . "200"^^ . "J. Edward Atkinson"@fr . . . . . . . . "Facing History"@fr . "San Francisco"@fr . . . . . "Counterpoints, Vol. 94"@fr . . "Cultura afro-americana"@pt . "James Houk"@fr . "\u00E9t\u00E9 1993"@fr . . . . . . . .